TENSE

In English grammar, tense refers to the form of a verb that indicates the time when an action or event takes place.

There are three primary tenses

Present Tense :- This refers to actions or events happening in the current time, general truths, habitual actions, and future actions scheduled to occur.

e.g. : "She writes stories.", "They are playing football.", "I have visited that place before."

Past Tense: This is used for actions or events that occurred in the past.

e.g. : "He studied for the exam.", "She was reading a book.", "They had finished eating when I arrived."

Future Tense: This indicates actions or events that are going to happen in the future.

e.g. : "I will go to the party.", "They will be traveling next month.", "By this time tomorrow, she will have completed the assignment."

PRESENT TENSE

Present Tense refers to actions or events happening in the current time, general truths, habitual actions, and future actions scheduled to occur.

There are four kinds of the Present Tense.

1. (i) Simple Present ( Present Indefinite ) : It is used to express habitual actions, general truths, and facts.
2. Structures :

3. Aff – Subject + V1/ V5 + (Object).
   e.g. : She teaches us.
   Neg – Subject + do/ does + not + V1 + (Object).
   e.g. : She does not teach us.
   In – Do / Does + Subject + V1 + (Object) + ?
   e.g. : Does She teach us ?

4. 
   (ii) Present Continuous (Present Progressive): It is used to describe actions that are happening right now or around the current time.

5. Structures :

6. Aff – Subject + is/am/are + V4 + object .
   e.g. : They are watching a movie.
   Neg – Subject + is/ am/are + not + V4 + object .
   e.g. : They are not watching a movie.
   In – Is/Am/Are + Subject + V4 + object + ?
   e.g. : Are they watching a movie?

7. 
   (iii) Present Perfect: It is used to indicate actions that have been completed at some point before the present moment.

8. Structures :

9. Aff – Subject + have/has + V3 + object.
   e.g. : He has finished his homework.
   Neg – Subject + have/has + not + V3 + object.
   e.g. : He has not finished his homework.
   In – Have/Has + Subject + V3 + object + ?
   e.g. : Has he finished his homework?

10. 
    (iv) Present Perfect Continuous: It is used to show actions that started in the past and continue into the present or actions that have a connection to the present.
11. Structures :

12. Aff – Subject + have/has + been + V4 + (object) + since/for + time.
    e.g. : She has been studying English for two hours.
    Neg – Subject + have /has + not + been + V4 + (object) + since/for + time.
    e.g. : She has not been studying English for two hours.
    In – Have/Has + Subject + been + V4 + (object) + since/for + time +?
    e.g. : Has she been studying English for two hours?

    Each of these kinds of present tense serves a specific purpose in expressing different aspects of time and actions.

PAST TENSE

Past Tense is used for actions or events that occurred in the past.

There are four kinds of the Past Tense.

(i) Simple Past ( Past Indefinite ) : This tense is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific point in the past.
Structures :

Aff – Subject + V2 + (Object).

e.g. : She visited the museum yesterday.

Neg – Subject + did + not + V1 + Object.

e.g. : She did not visit the museum yesterday.

In – Did + Subject + V1 + Object +?

e.g. : Did she visit the museum yesterday?

(ii) Past Continuous (Past Progressive): This tense indicates actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific past time.
Structures :

Aff – Subject + was/were + V4 + object.
e.g. : They were watching a movie.
Neg – Subject + was /were + not + V4 + object.
e.g. : They were not watching a movie.
In – Was/Were + Subject + V4 + object +?
e.g. : Were they watching a movie?

(iii) Past Perfect: This tense is used to show actions that were completed before another specific past action.
Structures :

Aff – Subject + had + V3 + Object.
e.g. : You had helped Rohan.
Neg – Subject + had + not + V3 + Object.
e.g. : You had not helped Rohan.
In – Had + Subject + V3 + Object +?
e.g. : Had you helped Rohan?

(iv) Past Perfect Continuous: This tense describes actions that were ongoing in the past and continued up until a specified point or action in the past.
Structures :

Aff – Subject + had + been + V4 + (Object) + since/for + time.
e.g. : I had been teaching him since his childhood.
Neg – Subject + had + not + been + V4 + (Object) + since/for + time.
e.g. : I had not been teaching him since his childhood.
In – Had + Subject + been + V4 + (Object) + since/for + time +?
e.g. : Had I been teaching him since his childhood ?

Each of these kinds of past tense serves a specific purpose in expressing different aspects of actions that took place in the past.

FUTURE TENSE

This indicates actions or events that are going to happen in the future.

There are four kinds of the Future Tense.

1. (i) Simple Future ( Future Indefinite ) : This tense is used to express actions that will happen in the future without indicating any ongoing duration.
   Structures :

1. Aff – Subject + shall/will + V1 + Object.
   e.g. : You will visit your grandparents next weekend.
   Neg – Subject + shall/will + not + V1 + Object.
   e.g. : You will not visit your grandparents next weekend.
   In – Shall/Will + subject + V1 + Object +?
   e.g. : Will You visit your grandparents next weekend?

2. 
   

3. (ii) Future Continuous (Future Progressive): This tense describes actions that will be ongoing or in progress at a specific future time.
   Structures :

1. Aff – Subject + shall/will + be + V4 + Object.
   e.g. : I shall be working on my project.
   Neg – Subject + shall/will + not + be + V4 + Object.
   e.g. : I shall not be working on my project.
   In – Shall/Will + Subject + be + V4 + Object +?
   e.g. : shall I be working on my project?

2. 
   

   (iii) Future Perfect: This tense is used to show actions that will be completed before a specific future time.
   Structures :

3. Aff – Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + object.
   e.g. : I shall have helped them.
   Neg – Subject + shall/will + not + have + V3 + object.
   e.g. : I shall not have helped them.

4. In – Shall/Will + Subject + have + V3 + Object?
   e.g. : Shall I have helped them?

5. 
   

   (iv) Future Perfect Continuous: This tense indicates actions that will be ongoing and have a connection to a specific future time, emphasizing both the duration and the result.
   Structures :

1. Aff – Subject + shall/will + have + been + V4 + Object + for + time.
   e.g. : I shall have been studying there for three hours by 7 PM.
   Neg – Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + V4 + Object + for + time.
   e.g. : I shall not have been studying there for three hours by 7 PM.
   In – Shall/Will + Subject + have + been + V4 + Object + for + time +?
   e.g. : Shall I have been studying there for three hours by 7 PM ?

2. 
   

3. These different kinds of future tense help convey various aspects of future actions and their relationship to the time they occur.